From ddd89bc4b34b347e6e0a3cdda0ae2c87422b1a78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Sebasti=C3=A1n=20Ram=C3=ADrez?= <tiangolo@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 19:09:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=93=9D=20Use=20Annotated=20for=20Fast?=
 =?UTF-8?q?API=20parameters?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/delete.md               |  2 +-
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/limit-and-offset.md     |  6 ++--
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/relationships.md        |  8 ++---
 .../fastapi/session-with-dependency.md        | 28 ++++++------------
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/teams.md                |  8 ++---
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data.md    | 10 +++----
 docs/tutorial/fastapi/update.md               | 10 +++----
 .../annotations/en/test_main_002.md           |  2 +-
 .../annotations/en/test_main_005.md           |  2 +-
 .../fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py   | 15 +++++-----
 .../tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py    |  4 ++-
 .../fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py   |  4 ++-
 .../fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py      | 29 +++++++++----------
 .../session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py    | 15 +++++-----
 .../tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py     | 29 +++++++++----------
 .../tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py    |  4 ++-
 .../tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py    |  4 ++-
 17 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/delete.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/delete.md
index 9dd4b218ea..ca1e767f57 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/delete.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/delete.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ We get a `hero_id` from the path parameter and verify if it exists, just as we d
 
 And if we actually find a hero, we just delete it with the **session**.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py ln[89:97] hl[89:97] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py ln[91:98] hl[91:98] *}
 
 After deleting it successfully, we just return a response of:
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/limit-and-offset.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/limit-and-offset.md
index b81b5c2244..4837698889 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/limit-and-offset.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/limit-and-offset.md
@@ -22,13 +22,15 @@ By default, we will return the first results from the database, so `offset` will
 
 And by default, we will return a maximum of `100` heroes, so `limit` will have a default value of `100`.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py ln[1:2,52:56] hl[1,53,55] *}
+We import `Annotated` from `typing` and `Query` from `fastapi`:
+
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py ln[1:4,54:58] hl[1,3,55,57] *}
 
 We want to allow clients to set different `offset` and `limit` values.
 
 But we don't want them to be able to set a `limit` of something like `9999`, that's over `9000`! 😱
 
-So, to prevent it, we add additional validation to the `limit` query parameter, declaring that it has to be **l**ess than or **e**qual to `100` with `le=100`.
+So, to prevent it, we add `Query(le=100)` inside `Annotated`, declaring that the `limit` query parameter has to be **l**ess than or **e**qual to `100`. The `= 100` sets its default value.
 
 This way, a client can decide to take fewer heroes if they want, but not more.
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/relationships.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/relationships.md
index 204be3189b..36b1647854 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/relationships.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/relationships.md
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ It's because we declared the `HeroPublic` with only the same base fields of the
 
 And the same way, we declared the `TeamPublic` with only the same base fields of the `TeamBase` plus the `id`. But it doesn't include a field `heroes` for the **relationship attribute**.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[5:7,20:21,29:34,43:44] hl[5:7,20:21,29:34,43:44] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[7:9,22:23,31:36,45:46] hl[7:9,22:23,31:36,45:46] *}
 
 Now, remember that [FastAPI uses the `response_model` to validate and **filter** the response data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/)?
 
 In this case, we used `response_model=TeamPublic` and `response_model=HeroPublic`, so FastAPI will use them to filter the response data, even if we return a **table model** that includes **relationship attributes**:
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[102:107,155:160] hl[102,107,155,160] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[103:108,155:160] hl[103,108,155,160] *}
 
 ## Don't Include All the Data
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Let's add the models `HeroPublicWithTeam` and `TeamPublicWithHeroes`.
 
 We'll add them **after** the other models so that we can easily reference the previous models.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py ln[59:64] hl[59:60,63:64] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py ln[61:66] hl[61:62,65:66] *}
 
 These two models are very **simple in code**, but there's a lot happening here. Let's check it out.
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ This will tell **FastAPI** to take the object that we return from the *path oper
 
 In the case of the hero, this tells FastAPI to extract the `team` too. And in the case of the team, to extract the list of `heroes` too.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py ln[111:116,164:169] hl[111,116,164,169] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py ln[112:117,164:169] hl[112,117,164,169] *}
 
 ## Check It Out in the Docs UI
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/session-with-dependency.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/session-with-dependency.md
index a13054866e..eb5f3081b8 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/session-with-dependency.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/session-with-dependency.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Before we keep adding things, let's change a bit how we get the session for each
 
 Up to now, we have been creating a session in each *path operation*, in a `with` block.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py ln[48:55] hl[50] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py ln[50:57] hl[52] *}
 
 That's perfectly fine, but in many use cases we would want to use [FastAPI Dependencies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/), for example to **verify** that the client is **logged in** and get the **current user** before executing any other code in the *path operation*.
 
@@ -20,27 +20,17 @@ A **FastAPI** dependency is very simple, it's just a function that returns a val
 
 It could use `yield` instead of `return`, and in that case **FastAPI** will make sure it executes all the code **after** the `yield`, once it is done with the request.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[40:42] hl[40:42] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[42:44] hl[42:44] *}
 
 ## Use the Dependency
 
 Now let's make FastAPI execute a dependency and get its value in the *path operation*.
 
-We import `Depends()` from `fastapi`. Then we use it in the *path operation function* in a **parameter**, the same way we declared parameters to get JSON bodies, path parameters, etc.
+We import `Annotated` from `typing` and `Depends` from `fastapi`. Then we declare the `session` parameter as `Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)]`.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:2,40:42,53:59] hl[1,54] *}
+The type of the parameter is `Session`, and `Depends(get_session)` tells FastAPI to use `get_session` to provide its value.
 
-/// tip
-
-Here's a tip about that `*,` thing in the parameters.
-
-Here we are passing the parameter `session` that has a "default value" of `Depends(get_session)` before the parameter `hero`, that doesn't have any default value.
-
-Python would normally complain about that, but we can use the initial "parameter" `*,` to mark all the rest of the parameters as "keyword only", which solves the problem.
-
-You can read more about it in the FastAPI documentation [Path Parameters and Numeric Validations - Order the parameters as you need, tricks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#order-the-parameters-as-you-need-tricks)
-
-///
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:4,42:44,55:61] hl[1,3,56] *}
 
 The value of a dependency will **only be used for one request**, FastAPI will call it right before calling your code and will give you the value from that dependency.
 
@@ -56,13 +46,13 @@ And because dependencies can use `yield`, FastAPI will make sure to run the code
 
 This means that in the main code of the *path operation function*, it will work equivalently to the previous version with the explicit `with` block.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:2,40:42,53:59] hl[55:59] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:4,42:44,55:61] hl[57:61] *}
 
 In fact, you could think that all that block of code inside of the `create_hero()` function is still inside a `with` block for the **session**, because this is more or less what's happening behind the scenes.
 
 But now, the `with` block is not explicitly in the function, but in the dependency above:
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:2,40:42,53:59] hl[41:42] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:4,42:44,55:61] hl[43:44] *}
 
 We will see how this is very useful when testing the code later. ✅
 
@@ -73,12 +63,12 @@ Now we can update the rest of the *path operations* to use the new dependency.
 We just declare the dependency in the parameters of the function, with:
 
 ```Python
-session: Session = Depends(get_session)
+session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)]
 ```
 
 And then we remove the previous `with` block with the old **session**.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:2,40:42,53:104] hl[54,65,74,83,98] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py ln[1:4,42:44,55:104] hl[56,66,75,84,98] *}
 
 ## Recap
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/teams.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/teams.md
index 944284b053..5091603d68 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/teams.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/teams.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Then we also inherit from the `TeamBase` for the `TeamCreate` and `TeamPublic` *
 
 And we also create a `TeamUpdate` **data model**.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[1:26] hl[5:7,10:13,16:17,20:21,24:26] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[1:28] hl[7:9,12:15,18:19,22:23,26:28] *}
 
 We now also have **relationship attributes**. 🎉
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Let's now update the `Hero` models too.
 
 ## Update Hero Models
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[29:55] hl[29:34,37:40,43:44,47:48,51:55] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[31:57] hl[31:36,39:42,45:46,49:50,53:57] *}
 
 We now have a `team_id` in the hero models.
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ And even though the `HeroBase` is *not* a **table model**, we can declare `team_
 
 Notice that the **relationship attributes**, the ones with `Relationship()`, are **only** in the **table models**, as those are the ones that are handled by **SQLModel** with SQLAlchemy and that can have the automatic fetching of data from the database when we access them.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[5:55] hl[13,40] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[7:57] hl[15,42] *}
 
 ## Path Operations for Teams
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Let's now add the **path operations** for teams.
 
 These are equivalent and very similar to the **path operations** for the **heroes** we had before, so we don't have to go over the details for each one, let's check the code.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[135:188] hl[135:141,144:152,155:160,163:178,181:188] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py ln[136:187] hl[136:142,145:152,155:160,163:177,180:187] *}
 
 ## Using Relationship Attributes
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data.md
index 6c97a975b1..f1ce3cc440 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data.md
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ The `Hero` table model will now store a new field `hashed_password`.
 
 And the data models for `HeroCreate` and `HeroUpdate` will also have a new field `password` that will contain the plain text password sent by clients.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[5:28] hl[13,17,28] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[7:30] hl[15,19,30] *}
 
 When a client is creating a new hero, they will send the `password` in the request body.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The app will receive the data from the client using the `HeroCreate` model.
 
 This contains the `password` field with the plain text password, and we cannot use that one. So we need to generate a hash from it.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[42:44,55:57] hl[57] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[44:46,57:59] hl[59] *}
 
 ## Create an Object with Extra Data
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ So now, `db_user_dict` has the updated `age` field with `32` instead of `None` a
 
 Similar to how dictionaries have an `update` method, **SQLModel** models have a parameter `update` in `Hero.model_validate()` that takes a dictionary with extra data, or data that should take precedence:
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[55:64] hl[60] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[57:66] hl[62] *}
 
 Now, `db_hero` (which is a *table model* `Hero`) will extract its values from `hero` (which is a *data model* `HeroCreate`), and then it will **`update`** its values with the extra data from the dictionary `extra_data`.
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Now let's say we want to **update a hero** that already exists in the database.
 
 The same way as before, to avoid removing existing data, we will use `exclude_unset=True` when calling `hero.model_dump()`, to get a dictionary with only the data sent by the client.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[83:89] hl[89] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[85:91] hl[91] *}
 
 Now, this `hero_data` dictionary could contain a `password`. We need to check it, and if it's there, we need to generate the `hashed_password`.
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ And then we can update the `db_hero` object using the method `db_hero.sqlmodel_u
 
 It takes a model object or dictionary with the data to update the object and also an **additional `update` argument** with extra data.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[83:99] hl[95] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py ln[85:101] hl[97] *}
 
 /// tip
 
diff --git a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update.md b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update.md
index 58fa9faa74..9500d527ce 100644
--- a/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/fastapi/update.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Because each field is **actually different** (we just set a default value of `No
 
 So, let's create this new `HeroUpdate` model:
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[5:26] hl[23:26] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[7:28] hl[25:28] *}
 
 This is almost the same as `HeroBase`, but all the fields are optional, so we can't simply inherit from `HeroBase`.
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Now let's use this model in the *path operation* to update a hero.
 
 We will use a `PATCH` HTTP operation. This is used to **partially update data**, which is what we are doing.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[74:89] hl[74:75] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[76:87] hl[76:77] *}
 
 We also read the `hero_id` from the *path parameter* and the request body, a `HeroUpdate`.
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ We take a `hero_id` with the **ID** of the hero **we want to update**.
 
 So, we need to read the hero from the database, with the **same logic** we used to **read a single hero**, checking if it exists, possibly raising an error for the client if it doesn't exist, etc.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[74:89] hl[77:79] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[76:87] hl[79:81] *}
 
 ### Get the New Data
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=
 
 Then we use that to get the data that was actually sent by the client:
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[74:89] hl[80] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[76:87] hl[82] *}
 
 /// tip
 Before SQLModel 0.0.14, the method was called `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)`, but it was renamed to `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)` to be consistent with Pydantic v2.
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Before SQLModel 0.0.14, the method was called `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)`, b
 
 Now that we have a **dictionary with the data sent by the client**, we can use the method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()` to update the object `db_hero`.
 
-{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[74:89] hl[81] *}
+{* ./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py ln[76:87] hl[83] *}
 
 /// tip
 
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_002.md b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_002.md
index 0f8555a8dd..2597ac4d6f 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_002.md
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_002.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     So, here we are telling the FastAPI app to use `get_session_override` instead of `get_session` in all the places in the code that depend on `get_session`, that is, all the parameters with something like:
 
     ```Python
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session)
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)]
     ```
 
 5. After we are done with the dependency override, we can restore the application back to normal, by removing all the values in this dictionary `app.dependency_overrides`.
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_005.md b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_005.md
index e361871455..996d00c1ef 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_005.md
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_005.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 5. Now, in the test function, to tell **pytest** that this test wants to get the fixture, instead of declaring something like in FastAPI with:
 
     ```Python
-    session: Session = Depends(session_fixture)
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(session_fixture)]
     ```
 
     ...the way we tell pytest what is the fixture that we want is by using the **exact same name** of the fixture.
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py
index 84da9fd610..6f205971b1 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ def on_startup():
 
 
 @app.post("/heroes/", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
+def create_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero: HeroCreate):
     db_hero = Hero.model_validate(hero)
     session.add(db_hero)
     session.commit()
@@ -61,17 +63,16 @@ def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
 def read_heroes(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return heroes
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def read_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 @app.patch("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
 def update_hero(
-    *, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
 ):
     db_hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not db_hero:
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def update_hero(
 
 
 @app.delete("/heroes/{hero_id}")
-def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def delete_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py
index f7de4019d2..5a817275f0 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ def create_hero(hero: HeroCreate):
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
-def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100)):
+def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100):
     with Session(engine) as session:
         heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
         return heroes
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py
index 3402d4045e..1f1a9fe1ac 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ def create_hero(hero: HeroCreate):
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
-def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100)):
+def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100):
     with Session(engine) as session:
         heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
         return heroes
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py
index 47c2e5f0bc..2d623cf946 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ def on_startup():
 
 
 @app.post("/heroes/", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
+def create_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero: HeroCreate):
     db_hero = Hero.model_validate(hero)
     session.add(db_hero)
     session.commit()
@@ -99,17 +101,16 @@ def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
 def read_heroes(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return heroes
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublicWithTeam)
-def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def read_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 @app.patch("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
 def update_hero(
-    *, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
 ):
     db_hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not db_hero:
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ def update_hero(
 
 
 @app.delete("/heroes/{hero_id}")
-def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def delete_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 
 @app.post("/teams/", response_model=TeamPublic)
-def create_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team: TeamCreate):
+def create_team(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], team: TeamCreate):
     db_team = Team.model_validate(team)
     session.add(db_team)
     session.commit()
@@ -152,17 +153,16 @@ def create_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team: TeamCreate):
 
 @app.get("/teams/", response_model=list[TeamPublic])
 def read_teams(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     teams = session.exec(select(Team).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return teams
 
 
 @app.get("/teams/{team_id}", response_model=TeamPublicWithHeroes)
-def read_team(*, team_id: int, session: Session = Depends(get_session)):
+def read_team(team_id: int, session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)]):
     team = session.get(Team, team_id)
     if not team:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Team not found")
@@ -171,8 +171,7 @@ def read_team(*, team_id: int, session: Session = Depends(get_session)):
 
 @app.patch("/teams/{team_id}", response_model=TeamPublic)
 def update_team(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     team_id: int,
     team: TeamUpdate,
 ):
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ def update_team(
 
 
 @app.delete("/teams/{team_id}")
-def delete_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team_id: int):
+def delete_team(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], team_id: int):
     team = session.get(Team, team_id)
     if not team:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Team not found")
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py
index 84da9fd610..6f205971b1 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ def on_startup():
 
 
 @app.post("/heroes/", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
+def create_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero: HeroCreate):
     db_hero = Hero.model_validate(hero)
     session.add(db_hero)
     session.commit()
@@ -61,17 +63,16 @@ def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
 def read_heroes(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return heroes
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def read_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 @app.patch("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
 def update_hero(
-    *, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
 ):
     db_hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not db_hero:
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def update_hero(
 
 
 @app.delete("/heroes/{hero_id}")
-def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def delete_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py
index b78f059e12..5597fedf8b 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ def on_startup():
 
 
 @app.post("/heroes/", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
+def create_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero: HeroCreate):
     db_hero = Hero.model_validate(hero)
     session.add(db_hero)
     session.commit()
@@ -90,17 +92,16 @@ def create_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero: HeroCreate):
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
 def read_heroes(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return heroes
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
-def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def read_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ def read_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 @app.patch("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)
 def update_hero(
-    *, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int, hero: HeroUpdate
 ):
     db_hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not db_hero:
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ def update_hero(
 
 
 @app.delete("/heroes/{hero_id}")
-def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
+def delete_hero(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], hero_id: int):
     hero = session.get(Hero, hero_id)
     if not hero:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Hero not found")
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def delete_hero(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), hero_id: int):
 
 
 @app.post("/teams/", response_model=TeamPublic)
-def create_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team: TeamCreate):
+def create_team(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], team: TeamCreate):
     db_team = Team.model_validate(team)
     session.add(db_team)
     session.commit()
@@ -143,17 +144,16 @@ def create_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team: TeamCreate):
 
 @app.get("/teams/", response_model=list[TeamPublic])
 def read_teams(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     offset: int = 0,
-    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
+    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
 ):
     teams = session.exec(select(Team).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
     return teams
 
 
 @app.get("/teams/{team_id}", response_model=TeamPublic)
-def read_team(*, team_id: int, session: Session = Depends(get_session)):
+def read_team(team_id: int, session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)]):
     team = session.get(Team, team_id)
     if not team:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Team not found")
@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ def read_team(*, team_id: int, session: Session = Depends(get_session)):
 
 @app.patch("/teams/{team_id}", response_model=TeamPublic)
 def update_team(
-    *,
-    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
+    session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)],
     team_id: int,
     team: TeamUpdate,
 ):
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ def update_team(
 
 
 @app.delete("/teams/{team_id}")
-def delete_team(*, session: Session = Depends(get_session), team_id: int):
+def delete_team(session: Annotated[Session, Depends(get_session)], team_id: int):
     team = session.get(Team, team_id)
     if not team:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Team not found")
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py
index a98ee68fbb..159d41a1cf 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ def create_hero(hero: HeroCreate):
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
-def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100)):
+def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100):
     with Session(engine) as session:
         heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
         return heroes
diff --git a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py
index d250fecf3a..8d186fcd9a 100644
--- a/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
 
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ def create_hero(hero: HeroCreate):
 
 
 @app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
-def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100)):
+def read_heroes(offset: int = 0, limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100):
     with Session(engine) as session:
         heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
         return heroes

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From: =?UTF-8?q?Sebasti=C3=A1n=20Ram=C3=ADrez?= <tiangolo@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 19:37:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=91=B7=20Retry=20CI?=
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