diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index 451302715329fe..d79504e62e089a 100644
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -661,13 +661,15 @@ class _FileInFile(object):
        object.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, name, blockinfo=None):
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, name, blockinfo=None,
+            exception=OSError):
         self.fileobj = fileobj
         self.offset = offset
         self.size = size
         self.position = 0
         self.name = name
         self.closed = False
+        self.exception = exception
 
         if blockinfo is None:
             blockinfo = [(0, size)]
@@ -744,7 +746,10 @@ def read(self, size=None):
             length = min(size, stop - self.position)
             if data:
                 self.fileobj.seek(offset + (self.position - start))
-                b = self.fileobj.read(length)
+                try:
+                    b = self.fileobj.read(length)
+                except self.exception as e:
+                    raise ReadError(f"invalid compressed data: {e}") from e
                 if len(b) != length:
                     raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
                 buf += b
@@ -767,7 +772,8 @@ class ExFileObject(io.BufferedReader):
 
     def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo):
         fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj, tarinfo.offset_data,
-                tarinfo.size, tarinfo.name, tarinfo.sparse)
+                tarinfo.size, tarinfo.name, tarinfo.sparse,
+                exception=tarfile.exception)
         super().__init__(fileobj)
 #class ExFileObject
 
@@ -1789,6 +1795,12 @@ class TarFile(object):
 
     fileobject = ExFileObject   # The file-object for extractfile().
 
+    exception = OSError         # The exception raised by the underlying
+                                 # fileobj.read() on corrupt compressed
+                                 # data past the header (see gzopen() etc.
+                                 # for the more specific exception types
+                                 # used by each compression format).
+
     extraction_filter = None    # The default filter for extraction.
 
     def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
@@ -2034,6 +2046,7 @@ def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=6, **kwargs):
 
         try:
             from gzip import GzipFile
+            import zlib
         except ImportError:
             raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") from None
 
@@ -2056,6 +2069,7 @@ def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=6, **kwargs):
             fileobj.close()
             raise
         t._extfileobj = False
+        t.exception = zlib.error
         return t
 
     @classmethod
@@ -2112,6 +2126,7 @@ def xzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, preset=None, **kwargs):
             fileobj.close()
             raise
         t._extfileobj = False
+        t.exception = LZMAError
         return t
 
     @classmethod
@@ -2147,6 +2162,7 @@ def zstopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, level=None, options=None,
             fileobj.close()
             raise
         t._extfileobj = False
+        t.exception = ZstdError
         return t
 
     # All *open() methods are registered here.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 3899eac6be3b3a..f9334b94d37526 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -1191,6 +1191,72 @@ def runTest(self):
             tarfile.open(fileobj=f, mode='r|gz')
 
 
+class FileInFileExceptionWrappingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    See: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/156057
+
+    _FileInFile.read() must wrap whatever exception type its
+    underlying fileobj.read() raises for corrupt compressed data,
+    using the exception class attribute each TarFile.*open()
+    classmethod configures, in tarfile.ReadError -- and must not
+    swallow an exception of an unconfigured type.
+    """
+
+    class _FakeFileobj:
+        def __init__(self, exc):
+            self.exc = exc
+
+        def seek(self, position):
+            pass
+
+        def read(self, size):
+            raise self.exc
+
+    def test_wraps_configured_exception_type(self):
+        class Boom(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        fif = tarfile._FileInFile(
+            self._FakeFileobj(Boom("simulated corrupt compressed data")),
+            offset=0, size=10, name="member", exception=Boom)
+        with self.assertRaises(tarfile.ReadError):
+            fif.read()
+
+    def test_does_not_wrap_unconfigured_exception_type(self):
+        class Boom(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        class Unrelated(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        fif = tarfile._FileInFile(
+            self._FakeFileobj(Unrelated("not the configured exception type")),
+            offset=0, size=10, name="member", exception=Boom)
+        with self.assertRaises(Unrelated):
+            fif.read()
+
+
+@support.requires_gzip()
+class GzipExtractfileWrapsCompressionErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    See: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/156057
+
+    Confirms the real gzopen() -> ExFileObject -> _FileInFile wiring:
+    a zlib.error raised while reading a member's compressed data past
+    the header surfaces as tarfile.ReadError, not the raw zlib.error.
+    """
+
+    def test_extractfile_read_wraps_zlib_error(self):
+        with tarfile.open(gzipname, mode='r:gz') as tar:
+            tarinfo = tar.getmember("ustar/regtype")
+            with tar.extractfile(tarinfo) as fobj:
+                with unittest.mock.patch.object(
+                        tar.fileobj, "read",
+                        side_effect=zlib.error("simulated corrupt data")):
+                    with self.assertRaises(tarfile.ReadError):
+                        fobj.read()
+
+
 class MemberReadTest(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     def _test_member(self, tarinfo, chksum=None, **kwargs):
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-21-06-00-00.gh-issue-156057.tarfile-wrap-comp-err.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-21-06-00-00.gh-issue-156057.tarfile-wrap-comp-err.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1c8d8839dbf7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-21-06-00-00.gh-issue-156057.tarfile-wrap-comp-err.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wrap the underlying compression library's exception in :exc:`tarfile.ReadError`
+when a member's compressed data is corrupt past its header, for all of
+:mod:`tarfile`'s supported compression formats (gzip, bzip2, lzma, zstd).
+Previously the raw exception (e.g. :exc:`zlib.error`) could leak through
+:meth:`tarfile.TarFile.extractfile`. Patch by Jason Mak.