GH-40128: [C++][Python] Preserve dictionaries in empty casts

[LarryHu0217]

What changed

• Run dictionary-to-dictionary casts through the cast kernel for zero-length inputs when the dictionary type changes.
• Add a regression test that verifies both the widened index type and preserved dictionary values.

The generic zero-length scalar fast path creates an empty output dictionary and discards categories that are still attached to the input array. Other zero-length scalar operations continue to use the existing fast path.

Testing

• cpp/build-40128-auto/debug/arrow-compute-scalar-cast-test (109 tests passed)
• clang-format --dry-run --Werror on both changed files
• git diff --check

AI assistance

I used Codex to help inspect the executor path, prepare the focused change, and draft the regression test. I reviewed the final diff, reproduced the failure before the fix, and ran the tests above locally.

Closes #40128

• GitHub Issue: [Python] Casting an empty dictionary array loses category information #40128

[uros-b]

Fix looks narrowly scoped and properly tested, thank you @LarryHu0217!

[pitrou]

@uros-b We like to have PR reviews as much as possible, but since you are not a contributor to this codebase I wonder if it wouldn't be more productive to start contributing (assuming you're interested in doing so, of course).

In general, I would recommend exercising caution if you're not familiar with the codebase and feel the desire to post a PR review.

[pitrou]

This looks... weird. Why the type unequality condition?

Also, this will trigger on every scalar compute function, not just the cast function.

[pitrou]

@zanmato1984 Could you perhaps take a look? I'm not sure how to make this focused enough to apply to the Cast function, not every other scalar function that takes a dict as input.

(also it's not obvious we want to fix this, though it would be useful for some use cases)

[uros-b]

Thank you @pitrou! Makes sense, sorry for the noise here. I'll also continue monitoring this PR too, and see how it continues evolving with additional feedback / comments