ci: Check datafusion-spark feature combinations to catch publish errors

[alamb]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes Error publishing datafusion-spark in datafusion 55.0.0 release "cannot find module or crate datafusion in this scope" #24474

Rationale for this change

Publishing datafusion-spark 55.0.0 failed with

error[E0433]: cannot find module or crate `datafusion` in this scope
  --> src/function/string/quote.rs:20:5

because the library referenced the optional datafusion dependency (only enabled by the core feature) from code that is not gated on that feature.

CI did not catch this workspace-wide builds always compile datafusion-spark with the optional datafusion dependency present due to feature unification.

The underlying import error was already fixed on main in #24351, so this PR adds the missing CI coverage to prevent the problem from reoccurring.

What changes are included in this PR?

Add a cargo check datafusion-spark features CI job, following the pattern of the existing per-crate feature check jobs (e.g. datafusion-functions), that checks the crate standalone.

Also add the new job to the required status checks in .asf.yaml, like the other per-crate feature check jobs.

Are these changes tested?

Yes, by CI itself (the new job runs on this PR).

Are there any user-facing changes?

No, CI only.

[alamb]

It is strange to see an entirely new job for this, but it mirrors what the other check jobs do 🤷

Maybe we can consolidate some of the check jobs to reduce CI cost

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.22%. Comparing base (f6ad781) to head (62ee1ee).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #24475    +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage   81.22%   81.22%            
========================================
  Files        1113     1113            
  Lines      392250   392508   +258     
  Branches   392250   392508   +258     
========================================
+ Hits       318591   318832   +241     
- Misses      54914    54916     +2     
- Partials    18745    18760    +15     

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